Thursday, 13 August 2015
| His Grand Eminence Armand-Jean du Plessis Cardinal de Richelieu | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Luçon | |
| |
| Metropolis | Bordeaux |
| Diocese | Luçon |
| See | Luçon |
| Installed | 17 April 1607 |
| Term ended | 29 April 1624 |
| Predecessor | Alphonse-Louis du Plessis de Richelieu |
| Successor | Jules Mazarin |
| Other posts | |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 17 April 1607 by Anne d'Escars de Givry |
| Created Cardinal | 5 September 1622 |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 9 September 1585 Paris, France |
| Died | 4 December 1642 (aged 57) Paris, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Previous post |
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| Alma mater | Collège de Navarre |
| Signature |  |
| Coat of arms |  |
Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal-Duke of high priest and of Fronsac (9 Gregorian calendar month 1585 – four Gregorian calendar month 1642) was a French man of the cloth, noble and political leader. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. high priest shortly rose in each the Catholic Church and therefore the French government, turning into a cardinal in 1622, and King Joseph Louis Barrow XIII's chief minister in 1624. He remained in workplace till his death in 1642; he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered.
The Cardinal Diamond State high priest was usually noted by the title of the King's "Chief Minister" or "First Minister". He wanted to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the ability of the nobility, he reworked France into a robust, centralized state. His chief policy objective was to envision the ability of the Austro-Spanish dynasty sept, and to confirm French dominance within the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. though he was a cardinal, he failed to hesitate to create alliances with Protestant rulers in trying to realize his goals. whereas a strong political figure, events just like the Day of the Dupes show that if truth be told he abundantly relied on the King's confidence to stay this power.
Richelieu was additionally known for his patronage of the arts; most notably, he supported the Académie Française, the learned society to blame for matters touching on the French language. high priest is additionally noted by the soubriquet l'Éminence rouge ("the Red Eminence"), from the red shade of a cardinal's clerical dress and therefore the vogue "eminence" as a cardinal. As {an|Associate in Nursing|AN|associate Diamond Stategree|associate} advocate for prophet de Champlain and of the retention of latest France, he supported the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the pact of Saint-Germain-en-Laye come provincial capital to French rule underneath Champlain, once the settlement had been taken by the Kirkes in 1629. This partially allowed the colony to eventually become the region of Francophone culture in North America.
He is additionally a number one character within the 3 Musketeers by writer and its consequent film diversifications, pictured as a main antagonist, and a strong ruler, even additional powerful than the King himself.
Early life
Born in Paris, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of 5 youngsters and also the last of 3 sons: he was delicate from childhood, and suffered frequent bouts of ill-health throughout his life. His family, though happiness solely to the lesser nobility of Poitou-Charentes, was somewhat prominent: his father, François du Plessis, seignior First State Duc de Richelieu, was a soldier and attendant United Nations agency served because the Grand academic administrator of France; his mother, Susanne First State La royal court, was the female offspring of a illustrious jurist. once he was 5 years previous, his father died fighting within the French Wars of faith, exploit the family in debt; with the help of royal grants, however, the family was ready to avoid monetary difficulties. At the age of 9, young Duc de Richelieu was sent to the faculty of Navarre in Paris to review philosophy. thenceforth, he began to coach for a military career.[6] His personal life looks to possess been typical of a young officer of the era: in 1605, aged twenty, he was treated by Théodore First State Mayerne for gonorrhoea.
King Henry III had rewarded Richelieu's father for his participation within the Wars of faith by granting his family the diocese of Luçon. The family condemned most of the revenues of the diocese for personal use; they were, however, challenged by clergymen, United Nations agency desired the funds for ecclesiastic functions. to safeguard the vital supply of revenue, Richelieu's mother projected to form her second son, Alphonse, the bishop of Luçon. Alphonse, United Nations agency had no want to become a bishop, became instead a Carthusian monk. Thus, it became necessary that the younger Duc de Richelieu be part of the priesthood. He had sturdy tutorial interests, and threw himself into finding out for his new post.
In 1606 King King of England nominative Duc de Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon. As Duc de Richelieu had not however reached the official minimum age, it absolutely was necessary that he journey to Rome for a special dispensation from the Pope. This secured, Duc de Richelieu was consecrated bishop in Apr 1607. shortly when he came to his bishopric in 1608, Duc de Richelieu was publicized as a reformer.3 He became the primary bishop in France to implement the institutional reforms prescribed by the Council of river between 1545 and 1563.
At concerning now, Duc de Richelieu became a fan of François Leclerc du Tremblay (better called "Père Joseph" or "Father Joseph"), a Capuchin mendicant, United Nations agency would later become an in depth friend. thanks to his closeness to Duc de Richelieu, and also the gray color of his robes, Father Joseph was additionally nicknamed l'Éminence grise ("the gray Eminence"). Later, Duc de Richelieu typically used him as AN agent throughout negotiation.
Rise to power
In 1614, the clergymen of Poitou-Charentes asked solon to be one in all their representatives to the States-General.There, he was a lively advocate of the Church, difference that it ought to be exempt from taxes which bishops ought to have a lot of political power. He was the foremost distinguished spiritual leader to support the adoption of the decrees of the Council of River Trent throughout France; the commonalty (commoners) was his chief opponent during this endeavour. At the tip of the assembly, the primary Estate (the clergy) selected him to deliver the address enumerating its petitions and choices. shortly when the dissolution of the Estates-General, solon entered the service of King prizefighter XIII's adult female, Anne of European nation, as her medical social worker.
Richelieu advanced politically by reliably serving the Queen-Mother's favorite, Concino Concini, the foremost powerful minister within the kingdom. In 1616, solon was created Secretary of State, and was given responsibility for foreign affairs.Like Concini, the Bishop was one in all the nearest advisors of prizefighter XIII's mother, Marie American state Médicis. The Queen had become Regent of France once the nine-year-old prizefighter ascended the throne; though her son reached the eld of majority in 1614, she remained the effective ruler of the realm. but, her policies, and people of Concini, tried less-traveled with several in France. As a result, each Marie and Concini became the targets of intrigues at court; their most powerful enemy was Charles American state Luynes. In Apr 1617, in an exceedingly plot organized by Luynes, King Louis XIII ordered that Concini be in remission, and killed ought to he resist; Concini was consequently dead, and Marie American state Médicis overthrown. His patron having died, solon additionally lost power; he was discharged as Secretary of State, and was off from the court. In 1618, the King, still suspicious of the Bishop of Luçon, banished him to Avignon. There, solon spent most of his time writing; he composed a catechism entitled L'Instruction du chrétien.
In 1619, Marie American state Médicis on the loose from her confinement within the Château American state Blois, turning into the titular leader of AN blue-blooded rebellion. The King and also the duc American state Luynes recalled solon, basic cognitive process that he would be ready to reason with the Queen. solon was triple-crown during this endeavour, mediating between her and her son. complicated negotiations bore fruit once the pact of Angoulême was ratified; Marie American state Médicis was given complete freedom, however would stay dead with the King. The Queen-Mother was additionally improved to the royal council.
After the death of the King's favorite, the duc American state Luynes, in 1621, solon began to rise to power quickly. The year when, the King appointed solon for a clergy, that Pope Gregory XV consequently granted on nineteen Apr 1622. Crises in France, together with a rebellion of the Huguenots, rendered solon an almost indispensable adviser to the King. when he was appointed to the royal council of ministers on twenty nine Apr 1624, he intrigued against the chief minister, Charles, duc American state La Vieuville.On twelve August of a similar year, La Vieuville was in remission on charges of corruption, and primate took his place because the King's principal minister the subsequent day, though Cardinal American state writer nominally remained president of the council (Richelieu was formally appointed as president in Gregorian calendar month 1629)
Thirty Years' War
Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become tangled within the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). France wasn't brazenly at war with the Habsburgs, UN agency dominated Kingdom of Spain and therefore the Holy Roman Empire, therefore subsidies and aid were provided in secret to their adversaries. He thought of the Dutch Republic joined of France's most vital allies, for it edged directly with the Spanish Holland and was right within the middle of the Eighty Years War with Kingdom of Spain at that point. fortuitously for him, statesman was a Bon français, rather like the king, UN agency had already set to subsidize the Dutch to fight against the Spanish via the pact of Compiègne in Gregorian calendar month 1624, before Richelieu's appointment to Prime minister in August. that very same year, a expedition, in secret supported by France and commanded by Marquis American state Coeuvres, started Associate in Nursing action with the intention of liberating the Valtelline from Spanish occupation. In 1625 statesman additionally sent cash to painter von Mansfeld, a famed mercenary general operative in Federal Republic of Germany in English service. However, in might 1626, once war prices had virtually ruined France, king and cardinal created peace with Kingdom of Spain via the pact of Monçon. This peace quickly stone-broke down when tensions attributable to the War of Mantuan Succession.
In 1629, the Emperor Holy Roman Emperor defeated several of his Protestant opponents in Federal Republic of Germany. Richelieu, afraid by Ferdinand's growing influence, incited Scandinavian country to intervene, providing cash. within the meanwhile, France and Kingdom of Spain remained hostile attributable to Spain's ambitions in northern European country. At that point northern European country was a serious strategic item in Europe's balance of powers, serving as a link between the Habsburgs within the Empire and in Kingdom of Spain. Had the imperial armies dominated this region, France's terribly existence would are vulnerable by Habsburg blockade. Kingdom of Spain was in the meantime seeking apostolical approval for a universal autocracy. When, in 1630, French diplomats in Regensburg in agreement to form peace with Kingdom of Spain, statesman refused to support them. The agreement would have prohibited French interference in Federal Republic of Germany. Thus, statesman suggested Louis XIII to refuse to sign the pact. In 1631, he allied France to Scandinavian country, UN agency had simply invaded the empire, within the pact of Bärwalde
Military expenses placed a substantial strain on the King's revenues. In response, statesman raised the gabelle (salt tax) and therefore the taille (land tax). The taille was implemented to produce funds to boost armies and wage war. The clergy, nobility, and high middle class were either exempt or might simply avoid payment, therefore the burden fell on the poorest section of the state. to gather taxes additional expeditiously, and to stay corruption to a minimum, statesman bypassed native tax officers, commutation them with intendants (officials within the direct service of the Crown). Richelieu's money theme, however, caused unrest among the peasants; there have been many uprisings in 1636 to 1639. statesman crushed the revolts violently, and restricted the rebels gratingly.
Because he brazenly aligned France with Protestant powers, statesman was denounced by several as a traitor to the Roman Christian church. Military hostilities, at first, were black for the French, with several victories attending to Kingdom of Spain and therefore the Empire. Neither aspect, however, might get a decisive advantage, and therefore the conflict lingered on till when Richelieu's death. statesman was instrumental in redirecting the thirty Years' War from the conflict of Protestantism versus Catholicity thereto of nationalism versus Habsburg political system. during this conflict France effectively drained the already overstretched resources of the Habsburg empire and drove it inexorably towards bankruptcy. The defeat of Habsburg forces at the Battle of Lens, and their failure to stop French invasion of dominion effectively spelled the tip for Habsburg domination of the continent, and Olivares' personal career. so, within the resultant years it might be France, underneath the leadership of King of France, UN agency would decide to fill the vacuum left by the Habsburgs within the Spanish Holland, and supervene upon Kingdom of Spain because the dominant European power.
New World
When statesman came to power, New France, wherever the French had a position since Jacques Cartier, had no over one hundred permanent inhabitants. {richelieu|Richelieu|Duc American state Richelieu|Armand Jean du Plessis|Cardinal Richelieu|archpriest|hierarch|high priest|prelate|primate|statesman|solon|national leader} inspired Louis XIII to colonize solid ground by the muse of the Compagnie de la Nouvelle France in imitation of the Dutch West Asian country Company. not like the opposite colonial powers, France inspired a peaceful existence in New France between Natives and Colonists and wanted the mixing of Indians into colonial society. Samuel American state Champlain, governor of recent France at the time of statesman, saw intermarriage between French and Indians as an answer to extend population in its colony.underneath the steering of statesman, Louis XIII issued the Ordonnance of 1627 by that the Indians, reborn to Catholicity, were thought of as "natural Frenchmen":
"The descendants of the French UN agency ar acquainted with this country [New France], in conjunction with all the Indians UN agency are going to be dropped at the data of the religion and can profess it, shall be deemed and famous natural Frenchmen, and intrinsically might come back to measure in France after they wish, and acquire, donate, and succeed and settle for donations and legacies, even as true French subjects, while not being needed to require no letters of declaration of naturalization."
The 1666 census of recent France, conducted some twenty years when the death of Duc de Richelieu, showed a population of three,215 habitants in New France, more than there had been solely a number of decades earlier, however additionally an excellent distinction within the variety of men (2,034) and ladies (1,181).
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